Landslide-prone bedrock hillsides within the city of Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio:

Hough, J.E., and Fleming, R.W., 1974, Landslide-prone bedrock hillsides within the city of Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, Cincinnati Institute, map (1:24,000) with text.

The Cincinnati Institute utilized the professional services of James E. Hough & Associates, Consulting Geotechnical Engineers, Assistant Professor of the University of Cincinnati to prepare a map identifying hillsides susceptible to landslides. This map was prepared as a part of The Cincinnati Institute's continuing program for the Hillsides of Cincinnati as part of a contract between the Planning Commission and the Cincinnati Institute. The study was funded by a grant from the Architecture and Environmental Arts Program of the National Endowment for the Arts, and from grants and contributions from concerned Cincinnati citizens and foundations.

The subject map, "Landslide-Prone Bedrock Hillsides within the City of Cincinnati", was presented to the Planning Commission on November 15, 1974. The base map for the study is the pertinent portions of U.S.G.S. topographic maps that cover the City Limits of Cincinnati. The map is at a Scale of 1:24000 (1" = 2000'), with contour intervals of 10 feet.

Three landslide susceptibility categories were established and identified on the map by color codes:

1) Red - Areas of Critical Natural Slope Stability

2) Yellow - Areas of Potentially Critical Slope Stability

3) White - Areas of Stable Bedrock Slopes, or Areas Predominantly Covered by Glacial Deposits which May or May Not be Susceptible to Problems of Slope Stability

The identification of critical and potentially critical slope stability patterns were based on two factors: 1) bedrock geology by interpolating the location of Kope Bedrock Formation, as determined by visible field evidence and professional knowledge, and 2) hillslopes with a steepness greater than 10%, with special emphasis on those steeper than 20%.

The subject map was one of several documents prepared as part of a technical base of the analysis of Cincinnati hillsides. This type of map was recommended in "Cincinnati Hillsides Recommended Design Process and Action Program" report (Gardiner 1971) for the implementation of Environmental Quality Hillside District Ordinance.

Landslide Susceptibility Map of Cincinnati, Ohio

Sowers and Dalrymple, Consulting Engineers, 1980, Landslide Susceptibility Map of Cincinnati, Ohio: Unpublished report to the City of Cincinnati, May, maps (scale 1:24,000 and 1:9,600) with text.

As a result of the 1973 mudslides the City of Cincinnati recognized the need for a tool to help cope with the problem of slides relating to existing and proposed highways (Johns 1980).

The U.S. Geological Survey of the Department of the Interior recommended that the City contract for a comprehensive geological survey identifying specific landslide prone locations and the degree of their susceptibility to sliding as the first step in a long range program to deal with the slide problem in Cincinnati,

In 1979 the firm of Sowers and Dalrymple, Consulting Engineers, was engaged for this project. It was completed in March 1980.

The City of Cincinnati received federal funds for the study. The study was prepared at a cost of $90,000. The author did not determine the amount of federal funding.

The Landslide Susceptibility Map prepared by Sowers and Dalrymple covers the City Limits of Cincinnati and was presented on a montage of maps at a scale of 1" = 800'. A composite map, at a scale of 1" = 2000' was also prepared in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the entire City on one document. An explanatory text describing the procedures used in preparing the Map was submitted with the maps. This report also addresses appropriate uses of the Map and its limits and qualifying restrictions.

The process of generating the Map consisted primarily of compiling data presently available from numerous sources, such as topographic maps, geologic maps, geologic and engineering literature, available data in files of governmental agencies, etc. Black-and- white stereo pair aerial photographs were used to identify existing and past landslides and to study land use, topography, landforms, etc. The photographs were taken in 1979.

Limited field reconnaissance was performed to verify landslides identified from the aerial photographs and to field check the final map.

The map was developed by assigning weighted factors to parameters determined during the study that are related to hillside stability such as; slope, geology, soil type, groundwater, and previous landslides. The City was divided into grids (in the range of 250 feet square) and a composite was generated for each area. A computer was utilized to perform statistical analyses to determine the relative importance of the parameters and to identify areas with similar characteristics.

Generally, it was found that the Kope and Fairview geologic formation, the Pate and Eden soil types, and slopes greater than 20% were most closely related to landslides. Areas exhibiting all of these characteristics were classified as being highly susceptible to landsliding; and conversely, those areas exhibiting none of these characteristics were classified as having a low susceptibility to landsliding.

The map delineates areas with varying degrees of susceptibility to landsliding. Four landslide susceptibility categories were established:

LOW

Areas least susceptible to landsliding. Slopes generally less than 10% in areas of stable soil. These areas should not be affected by landsliding unless there is extensive human disturbance. These areas usually require a low level of geotechnical investigation.

MODERATE

Moderate susceptibility to landsliding. Slopes generally 10-20% in areas of stable soil, or slopes less than 10% on less stable soil type. These areas thus classified may be affected by landsliding if human disturbance increases or loads the slopes or otherwise alters the original environmental setting. These areas require a moderate level of geotechnical investigation.

MODERATELY HIGH

Moderately high susceptibility to landsliding. Slopes greater than 20% in areas of moderately stable soils, or slopes 10-20% in less stable soil types. These areas thus classified are often affected by landsliding due to human disturbance or natural processes. These areas require a high level of geotechnical investigation.

HIGH

Higher susceptibility to landsliding. All slopes greater than 20% in unstable soils. Slopes that appear to be stable may slide with only minor changes in angle, support at toe, drainage, or groundwater conditions. Extensive geotechnical investigations and proper design are necessary for development of these areas.

The Landslide Susceptibility Map is used by various City agencies. Engineering Division of Public Works, Building and Inspection, City Planning, Cincinnati Water Works, and Metropolitan Sewer District are several of the agencies that use the map. These agencies mainly use the map to identify the level of geotechnical investigation required prior to development. Copies of the map are not available to the Public but the public is allowed to inspect the map at City Hall.

University of Cincinnati Department of Geology Masters Thesis Mapping Projects

In 1978 Dr. Arvid Johnson initiated a program of detailed engineering geologic mapping in the Department of Geology at the University of Cincinnati. A total of eight graduate students working on the Master of Science degree prepared engineering geologic and relative stability maps of areas in Hamilton County. The maps are at a scale of one inch to 400 feet. They identify, as well as can be determined by mapping of surface exposures of bedrock and surficial deposits, landslide areas and potential landslide areas that should be dealt with at the time of planning development. Thus, the maps are primarily valuable for purposes of planning, although they are useful to geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists performing detailed investigations for properties within an area of proposed development. The eight reports are listed below.

Baum R.L., 1983, Engineering geology and relative slope stability in the area of the Fay Apartments and in part of Mount Airy Forest, Cincinnati, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 74 p.

Brockman, C.S., 1983, The engineering geology, relative stability and Pleistocene History of the Dry Run Creek area, Hamilton County, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 147 p.

Geiger, K.J., 1983, The engineering geology and relative stability of parts of Newport, Bellevue, and Fort Thomas, Kentucky: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 66 p.

Lion, T.E., 1983, Engineering geology and relative stability of ground for hillside development in part of Springfield Township, Hamilton County, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 157 p.

Olson, R.L., 1988, Engineering Geology and Relative Stability of Ground Adjacent to Sawyer Place, Cincinnati, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 102 p.

Pohana, R. E., 1983, The Engineering Geologic and Relative Stability analysis of a Portion of Anderson Township: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 132 p.

Richards, K.A., 1983, The Engineering Geology and Relative Stability of Mt. Adams, and Parts of Walnut Hills and Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 111 p.

Rodriguez-Molina, C. 1983, Engineering Geology and Relative Stability of Parts of Avondale, Cincinnati, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 86 p.

LANDSLIDE MECHANISMS UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

In addition to the Thesises written as part of the mapping program, there have been several other Thesises and Ph.D. Dissertations written by Students at the University of Cincinnati, Department of Geology, which have dealt with landslides. These studies although not entirely inclusive are listed below.

Gokce, O. A., 1989, Mechanisms of landsliding in Cincinnati area, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati Ph. D. dissertation, 502 p.

Haneberg, W.C., 1989, Hydrology and drainage of a thin colluvium hillside in Delhi township, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, Ohio, University of Cincinnati Ph. D. dissertation, 232 p.

McCandless, R.M., 1976, Measurement of bulking in landslides on the basis of topographic form and density changes in landslide debris: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 63 p., appendix.

Murdoch, L.C., III, 1987, Pore-water pressures and unsaturated flow during infiltration into colluvial soils at the Delhi Pike landslide, Cincinnati, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 133 p.

Riestenberg, M.M., 1981, The Effect of Woody Vegetation on Stabilizing Slopes in the Cincinnati Area, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati M.S. thesis, 79 p.

Riestenberg, M.M., 1981, Anchoring of Thin Colluvium on Hillslopes in Cincinnati by Roots of Sugar Maple and White Ash Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati Ph.D. dissertation, 366 p.

Yahne, Geral W., 1974, A Preliminary Study of Landslides in Cincinnati, Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati, Geology Library, M.S. non-thesis report, 36 p.

U.S.G.S. PUBLICATIONS

Fleming, R.W., Johnson, A.M. and Gokce, A.O., In Prep. Residual Cohesion and Roughness of Slip Surfaces Can Stabilize Shallow Colluvium on Steep Slopes.

Baum, R. L., 1994, Contribution of artesian water to progressive failure of the upper part of the Delhi Pike landslide complex, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2059-D, 14 p.

Baum, R. L., 1996, Overview of Landslide Problems, Research, and Mitigation, Cincinnati, Ohio, Area: Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2059-A, 33 p.

Fleming, R.W. and Taylor, F.A. 1980, estimating the costs of landslide damages in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 832, 21 p.

Fleming, R.W. and Johnson, A.M., 1994, Landslides in colluvium: Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2059-B, 24 p.

Haneberg, W.C. and Gokce, A.O., 1994, Rapid water-level fluctuations in a thin colluvium Landslide West of Cincinnati: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2059-C, 16 p.

Riestenberg, M.M., 1994, Anchoring of thin colluvium by roots of sugar maple and white ash on hillslopes in Cincinnati: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2059-E, 25 p.

ADDITIONAL PAPERS ON LANDSLIDES IN THE TRI-STATE AREA

Behringer, D.W., and Shakoor, Abdul, 1992, A study of selected landslides in the Cincinnati area in relation to human activity: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 7, p. A294.

Bernknopf, R.L., Campbell, R.H., Brookshire, D.S. and Shapiro, C.D., 1988, A probabilistic approach to landslide hazard mapping in Cincinnati, Ohio, with applications for economic evaluation: Association of Engineering Geologists Bulletin, v. 25, no.1, p. 39-56.

Exon, A. H., 1929, Thesis on Riverside Landslide [Senior Thesis]: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati Department of Civil Engineering, 22p.

Fleming, R.W., Johnson, A.M., and Hough, J.E., 1981, Engineering Geology of the Cincinnati Area, with contributions by Gokce, A.O., and Lion, T.E., in volume 3 of Roberts, T.G., ed., Geological Society of America Cincinnati '81 Field Trip Guidebooks: Falls Church, Va. American Geological Institute, p. 543-570.

Fleming, R.W., 1975, Geologic Perspectives - The Cincinnati Example: Ohio Valley Soils Seminar Proceedings, 6th, Ft. Mitchell, Ky., October 17, 1975, p.

Gokce, A.O., 1992, Extrusion landslides in Cincinnati lake clays: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 7, p. A204.

Haneberg, W.C, 1991, Observation and analysis of pore pressure fluctuations in a thin colluvium landslide complex near Cincinnati, Ohio: Engineering Geology, v. 31,p. 159-184.

Haneberg, W.C, 1992, A mass balance model for the hydrologic response of fine-grained hillside soils to rainfall: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 7, p. A203.

Haneberg, W.C., Reistenberg, M.M., Pohana, R.E. and Diekmeyer, S.C., 1992, Cincinnati's geologic environment, a trip for secondary school science teachers: Ohio Division of Geological Survey Guidebook 9, 23 p.

Hough, J.E., 1978, Landsliding in Greater Cincinnati: Cincinnati, Ohio, James E. Hough, pamphlet, 35 p.

Hutto, C.C., 1992, Stability analyses of a landslide along westbound I-275, Hamilton County, Ohio: Oxford, Ohio, Miami University M.S. thesis, 121 p.

Pohana, R.E., 1992, City of Cincinnati, geotechnical office: The Hillside Trust Outlook, v.11, no. 1 [spring], p.1-2.

Pohana, R.E., 1992, Landslide remediation and prevention by the City of Cincinnati: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 7, p. A204.

Pohana, R.E., and Jamison, T.M., 1993, Landslide remediation and prevention by the City of Cincinnati: Ohio Valley Soils Seminar Proceedings, 24th, Ft. Mitchell, Ky., October 15, 1993, p.1-18.

Riestenberg, M.M., 1992, A study of two tree species interplanted in colluvium on hillsides in Cincinnati, Ohio: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 7, p. A204.

Riestenberg, M.M., and Sovonik-Dunford, Susan, 1983, The role of woody vegetation in stabilizing slopes in the Cincinnati area, Ohio: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 506-518.

Scheper, R.J., 1973, Report of a landslide investigations: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati, Geology Library, graduate student report, 20 p.

Von Schlichten, O. C., 1935, Landslides in the Vicinity of Cincinnati: The Compass, Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 15, no. 3, p. 151-154

CITY AND COUNTY REPORTS

Earth Movement Task Force, 1982, Final Report: Unpublished report to Hamilton County, Cincinnati, Ohio, September, 38 p. + appendix.

Earth Surface Processes Group, 1987, Report and Recommendations on maintenance and repair Deteriorating retaining Walls and Streets Damaged by Landslides: City of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati Department of Geology, unpublished report to Smale Commission, July, 48 p.

Smale, J.G. 1987, City of Cincinnati Infrastructure Report. 51pgs.

Merritt, R., 1975, Hillside Development Study - Identification of Critical Environmental Impact Areas: Cincinnati, Ohio, Hamilton County Regional Planning Commission, 65 p.

Nutting, H.C. and Co., 1967, Physical features of the Ohio-Indiana area: Cincinnati, Ohio, unpublished report to Hamilton County Regional Planning Commission. Scale 1:16,000.

Hamilton County Regional Planning Commission, 1976. Hillside Development Study: Plan and Strategy.

Soil Survey of Hamilton County, Ohio:

Lerch, N.K., Hale, W.F., and Lemaster, D.D., 1982, Soil Survey of Hamilton County, Ohio: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 219 p. and maps. Scales 1:15,840 and 1:190,080.

In 1975 the USDA Soil Conservation Service began the fieldwork for the Soil Survey of Hamilton County. The field mapping was completed in 1980 and the Soil Survey was published in 1981. This survey updates the soil survey of Hamilton County published in 1917.

The soil survey contains detailed soils maps, as well as interpretative data on soil properties, engineering potential, and landslide prone areas. The soils are mapped on aerial photos at a scale of 1:15,840. Each soil type is described in the text of the report. The survey also reports the limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment for each soil type.

GEOLOGIC QUADRANGLES (Bedrock)

Part or all of 15, 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles of the United States Geological Survey, covers Hamilton County. The City Limits of Cincinnati are covered by six of the quadrangles. Seven of the 15 quadrangles have been mapped geologically and published. The published geologic maps cover all of the area within the City Limits of Cincinnati. The geologic maps which contain portions of Hamilton County and all of Cincinnati are listed below.

Ford, J.P., 1972 Bedrock Geology of the Addyston Quadrangle and Part of the Burlington Quadrangle, Hamilton County, Ohio: Ohio Geological Survey Report of Investigations 83, map (1:24,000) with text.

Ford, J.P., 1974, Bedrock Geology of the Cincinnati West Quadrangle and Part of the Covington Quadrangle, Hamilton County, Ohio: Ohio Geological Survey Report of Investigations 93, map (1:24,000) with text.

Gibbons, A.B., 1973, Geologic map of parts of the Newport and Withamsville Quadrangles, Cambelle and Kenton Counties, Kentucky: Washington D.C., U.S. Geol. Surv.

Gray, H.H., Forsythe, J.L., Schneider, A.F., and Gooding, A.M., 1972, Geologic map of the 1x2 Cincinnati Quadrangle, Indiana and Ohio, showing bedrock and unconsolidated deposits: Indiana Geological Survey Regional Geologic Map 7, Cincinnati Sheet, Parts A and B; 2 maps (1:250,000) with text.

Kohut and Weiss, 1981, Bedrock Geology of the Withamsville Quadrangle, Hamilton and Clermont Counties, Ohio: Ohio Geological Survey Report of Investigations 120, map (1:24,000)

Luft, S.J., 1971, Geologic map of part of the Covington quadrangle northern Kentucky, U.S. Geological Survey Map GQ-995

Luft, S.J., 1972, Geologic map of the Butler quadrangle Pendelton and Campbell counties Kentucky: U.S Geological Survey Map GQ-982

Osborne, R.H., 1970, Bedrock Geology of the Maderia Quadrangle, Hamilton and Clermont Counties: Ohio Geological Survey Report of Investigations 77, 1 pl.

Osborne, Richard H. 1974, Bedrock geology of Cincinnati East Quadrangle, Hamilton County: Ohio Geological Survey Report of Investigations 94, 1 pl.

Weaver, T.R., 1983, Surficial geology of the Glendale Quadrangle, southwestern Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati, unpublished report to U.S. Geological Survey, 29 p., 1 pl. (scale 1:24,000).

OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

In 1981 the Ohio House of Representatives passed Bill HB 385. This Bill provided ten-year funding to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources for local geological mapping, at a scale of one inch to 2000 feet.

The mapping program included the mapping of bedrock in those portions of Hamilton County not mapped in previous studies. Mapping of the bedrock was performed by Mac Swinford, Bedrock Geologist with ODNR Geological Survey. Fieldwork for the project began in 1984. The information from the study has been plotted on USGS 7.5 minute quadrangles. The results of the study are currently available to the public on Open File Maps that are blue line copies.

In addition to the bedrock mapping, Scott Brockman, Glacial Geologist with ODNR Geological Survey mapped the glacial deposits in Hamilton County. Fieldwork for the glacial map was performed from 1985 to 1988. The glacial map will show the distribution of materials such as tills, lake-clays and outwash deposits. The mapping will also include a study of the stratigraphy of glacial deposits and of the history of glaciation within the County. Blue line copies of the glacial map are available to the public in as an Open File Map report. The base map for the glacial map is also USGS 7.5 minute quadrangles.

The ODNR Geological Survey does not know at this time what final form the Bedrock and Glacial Maps will be presented on. Funding and priorities has slowed progress on the presentation of the work performed (Oral Communication Brockman 1990)

In conjunction with the preparation of the glacial and bedrock maps the Geological Division has developed a drift thickness map and depth to bedrock map. These maps have been published and are listed below.

Vormelker, Joel, 1985, Drift Thickness Map of Hamilton County, Ohio: Ohio Geological Survey Open-File Map 230, scale 1:62,500.

Vormelker, Joel, 1985, Top-of-Rock Map of Hamilton County, Ohio: Ohio Geological Survey Open-File Map 229, scale 1:62,500.

GEOLOGY OF TRI-STATE AREA

The following are some publications on the geology of the Tri-State area. There are a vast number of publications available through the Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana Geological Surveys. There are also many thesis and dissertations available on the Stratigraphy of the area. A recent publication by the Kentucky Geological Survey by Paul Edwin Potter is the most recent publication on the geology of the Tri-State-Area. This publication is an excellent overview of the area and is an excellent source for further references.

Potter, P.E., 1996, Exploring the geology of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Region: Kentucky Geological Survey, Special Publication 22, Series XI, 1996.

Bedrock

Bassarab D.R., 1965, Clay Mineralogical Study of the Kope and Fairview Formations (Cincinnati) in the Cincinnati Region. Thesis University of Cincinnati, 50 pgs.

Davis, R.A., 1992, Cincinnati fossils. An elementary guide to the Ordovician rocks and fossils of the Cincinnati, Ohio, region: Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, Popular Publication 10, 61 p.

Ford, J.P., 1967. Cincinnati Geology in Southwest Hamilton County, Ohio: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v 51, no. 6, p. 918-936.

Hoffman, H.J., 1966, Deformational structures near Cincinnati, Ohio: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 77, no. 5, p. 533-548.

Orton, Edward, 1873, Geology of Hamilton County: Ohio Geological Survey [Report] v.1, pt.1 p.419-434.

Swinford, E.M., 1986, Bedrock geologic map of Hamilton County, Ohio [abs]: The Ohio Journal of Science, v. 86, no. 2, p. 8-9.

Swinford, E. M., and Schumacher, G.A., 1985, New bedrock geologic maps of Hamilton and Clermont Counties, Ohio [abs.]: The Ohio Journal of Science, v. 85, no. 2, p. 24-25.

Glacial

Durrell, R.H., 1961, The Pleistocene Geology of the Cincinnati Area - Guidebook for Field Trips: Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, 1961, p. 47-57.

Durrell, R.H., 1977, A Recycled Landscape: Cincinnati, Ohio, Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, 8 p.

Desjardins, L., 1934. The Preglacial Physiography of the Cincinnati Region, M.S. Thesis, University of Cincinnati, 43 pgs.

Ettenshohn, F.R., 1974, The pre-Illinoian lake clays of the Cincinnati region: Ohio Journal of Science, v. 74 no.4, p. 214-226.

Fenneman, N.M. 1916, Geology of Cincinnati and Vicinity: Ohio Geological Survey, Fourth series, Bulletin 19, 207 p.

Goldstein, F. R., 1968, The Pleistocene geology of a portion of Butler County, southwestern Ohio: Oxford, Ohio, Miami University M.S. thesis, 102 p.

Pavey, R.R., Goldthwait, R.P., Brockman, C.S., Hull, D.N., and Van Horn, R.G., 1992, The new Quaternary map of Ohio: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, no. 7, p. A314

Spieker, and Durrell R. H., 1961 A Guide to Geohydrolgy of the Mill Creek and Mad River Valleys, Ohio. Guidebook for Field Trips Cincinnati Meeting, 1961. U.S.G.S. pgs.215-251

Teller, J.T., 1970. Pleistocene Glaciation and Drainage in Southwestern Ohio, Southeastern Indiana, and Northern Kentucky, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 115 pp.